w w w . m a s m I n d i a . o r g

2010-07-24T21:10:00.000-07:00

ManavadhikarSamajik Manch (MASM)is independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest orreligion, does not support or oppose any government or political system, nordoes it support or oppose the views of the victims whose rights it seeks toprotect. It is concerned solely with the impartial protection of human rightsorganization striving to empower the public, promote, reinforce and safeguardhuman rights and good governance in India and to bring transformation inthe observance of human rights at local, national and international level. MASMhas as its VISION, the creation of a Just and Equitable Society.

Thebroad objective of the organizations is to promote the cause of national andinternational integration by strengthening the efforts for recognition andimplementation of human rights and to create legal and human rights awarenessand empowerment among the general public through the provision of legal andcivic education, provision of legal aid, conducting research and follow-uphuman rights violations.

TheSpecific objectives of the organization are:

Promote, respect and observe of human rights and democracy
Promote, respect and observe of rule of law and due process
Create networks with the public interest and human rights organization, non-governmental organizations, universities, relevant research organizations and legal associations etc.
Make best efforts for protection, promotion and advancement of socio-economic and political rights of the public.
To fight lawfully for the causes of the rights of the masses and to file public interest petitions to safeguard the rights of the masses.
Organise and sponsor to undertake conferences, seminars, workshops, meetings and such other activities with a view to promoting the social and educational objectives of the MASM.
Raising funds for the purposes of the MASM on such terms as are compatible with the autonomy of MASM and within the spirit of its social and educational objectives.
Work out for all out socio-economic progress of the country and the society.

The strategy i.e. adopted by MASM includes actions suchas

To identifyand expose policy, law reform and issues of practice with a view to advocatingfor change and proactive information sharing;
To raisehuman rights and legal awareness and empowerment amongst the general public forgood governance in India;
Toput-forth the demands of the public on a continuous basis before the threeorgans of the government i.e., Executive, Legislature and Judiciary and ensurejustice.
To gatherand disseminate concrete, reliable and up-to-date information on policies,legal issues and issues of practice
To improvethe performance and sustainability of Manavadhikar Samajik Manch.

Strengtheningstrategic alliances with like minded organizations and individuals
Embarkingon effective advocacy for good governance in the country;
Devisingmeans to capture the needs of the public;
Makingeffective use of mass media
Strengtheningadministration of research
Putting inplace an effective human resource development system for effective andefficient service delivery

As part of its work, MASM always strives to bring awarenessamong the various sections of the population especially to poorest and vulnerablesections of the society who are often the victims of human right violations.The areas of interventions always focused to bring changes in policy, legalframework and issues of practices. To ensure justice, MASM always tried to putthe demands of the public on a continuous basis before the three organs of thegovernment i.e., Executive, Legislature and Judiciary.

At present, MASM has two wings one for legal aid and humanrights monitoring department with a legal aid clinic intending to do psychologicalcounseling to the victims, to identify the cases of Human Rights violations,raise the issues and do the follow up exercise and the other is for Researchpublication and documentation.

Human Touch, July 2010

2010-07-24T21:05:00.000-07:00

(A Monthly Publication of Manavadhikar Samajik Manch)
(Manavadhikar Samajik मंच की एक मासिक प्रकाशन)

Human Touch is a platform for non-partisan portrayal ofhuman rights issues in their different forms. Be it the rights of the weaker sectionsof our population such as the women, the children, the aged and the physicallychallenged, or the victims of some social customs, cultural traditions andeconomic & non-economic policies, the publication brings out the issuesobjectively and in a manner that would give succour to the people whose rightsare either violated or put in jeopardy. Human Touch acts as a forum forscholars, activists, concerned individuals and the common men & women toventilate their grievances, express their views and to highlight cases of humanrights violations, so that appropriate ameliorative actions can be taken by theconcerned agencies. It is meant to help the helpless and to speak for thosewhose voices are not heard. It engages in constructive and incisive debate onissues that are not only of day-to-day concern but also on issues that areimportant for posterity. This publication is a step forward in realising thevision of Manavadhikar Samajik Manch, i.e. creation of a just and equitablesociety.

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Human Touch, June 2010

2010-07-15T02:50:00.001-07:00

(A Monthly Publication of Manavadhikar Samajik Manch)
(Manavadhikar Samajik मंच की एक मासिक प्रकाशन)

Human Touch is a platform for non-partisan portrayal ofhuman rights issues in their different forms. Be it the rights of the weaker sectionsof our population such as the women, the children, the aged and the physicallychallenged, or the victims of some social customs, cultural traditions andeconomic & non-economic policies, the publication brings out the issuesobjectively and in a manner that would give succour to the people whose rightsare either violated or put in jeopardy. Human Touch acts as a forum forscholars, activists, concerned individuals and the common men & women toventilate their grievances, express their views and to highlight cases of humanrights violations, so that appropriate ameliorative actions can be taken by theconcerned agencies. It is meant to help the helpless and to speak for thosewhose voices are not heard. It engages in constructive and incisive debate onissues that are not only of day-to-day concern but also on issues that areimportant for posterity. This publication is a step forward in realising thevision of Manavadhikar Samajik Manch, i.e. creation of a just and equitablesociety.

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Download complete issue of Human Touch, June'10(PDF File)

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Humon Touch

2010-07-15T02:49:00.006-07:00

Human Touch, June 2010

2010-07-15T02:49:00.005-07:00

Human Touch June'10 -

Human Touch, May 2010

2010-07-15T02:49:00.003-07:00

Human Touch - A Monthly Publication of Manavadhikar Samajik Manch -

Human Touch, April 2010

2010-07-15T02:49:00.001-07:00

MASM Magazine April 2010 -

Human Touch, May 2010

2010-07-15T01:06:00.001-07:00

(A Monthly Publication of Manavadhikar Samajik Manch)
(Manavadhikar Samajik मंच की एक मासिक प्रकाशन)

Human Touch is a platform for non-partisan portrayal ofhuman rights issues in their different forms. Be it the rights of the weaker sectionsof our population such as the women, the children, the aged and the physicallychallenged, or the victims of some social customs, cultural traditions andeconomic & non-economic policies, the publication brings out the issuesobjectively and in a manner that would give succour to the people whose rightsare either violated or put in jeopardy. Human Touch acts as a forum forscholars, activists, concerned individuals and the common men & women toventilate their grievances, express their views and to highlight cases of humanrights violations, so that appropriate ameliorative actions can be taken by theconcerned agencies. It is meant to help the helpless and to speak for thosewhose voices are not heard. It engages in constructive and incisive debate onissues that are not only of day-to-day concern but also on issues that areimportant for posterity. This publication is a step forward in realising thevision of Manavadhikar Samajik Manch, i.e. creation of a just and equitablesociety.

click on below pages to enlarge....

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Human Touch, April 2010

2010-07-08T19:33:00.000-07:00

(A Monthly Publication of Manavadhikar Samajik Manch)
(Manavadhikar Samajik मंच की एक मासिक प्रकाशन)

Human Touch is a platform for non-partisan portrayal of human rights issues in their different forms. Be it the rights of the weaker sections of our population such as the women, the children, the aged and the physically challenged, or the victims of some social customs, cultural traditions and economic & non-economic policies, the publication brings out the issues objectively and in a manner that would give succour to the people whose rights are either violated or put in jeopardy. Human Touch acts as a forum for scholars, activists, concerned individuals and the common men & women to ventilate their grievances, express their views and to highlight cases of human rights violations, so that appropriate ameliorative actions can be taken by the concerned agencies. It is meant to help the helpless and to speak for those whose voices are not heard. It engages in constructive and incisive debate on issues that are not only of day-to-day concern but also on issues that are important for posterity. This publication is a step forward in realising the vision of Manavadhikar Samajik Manch, i.e. creation of a just and equitable society.

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Download complete issue of Human Touch, April '10(PDF File)

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OHCHR’s Damning Silence

2009-09-20T08:48:00.000-07:00

Needs a New Approach to Speak

The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) is facing a crisis of its own making. In its website, the OHCHR states “As the principal United Nations office mandated to promote and protect human rights for all, the OHCHR leads global human rights efforts speaks out objectively in the face of human rights violations worldwide”.

Instead of speaking out, it has shown a preference for silence. The position of the OHCHR sits uneasily with that of the UN Secretary General Ban Ki Moon who once again reiterated on 9 March 2010 his intension to establish an expert panel to advise him on “setting the broad parameters and standards on the way ahead on establishing accountability” for alleged human rights violations in Sri Lanka during the conflict between the government forces and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). This is welcome.

In contrast, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Navanethem Pillay has failed to adequately address grave human rights violations in Sri Lanka, not least in the final days of the war with the LTTE. While Special Procedures mandate holders issued various statements, High Commissioner Navi Pillay issued only one statement on 13th March 2009 but said nothing more until the end of the war on 19 May 2009 when worst violations of international human rights law and international humanitarian law took place. Her statement on 4 March 2010 at the ongoing 13th session

of the UN Human Rights Council that “Sri Lanka should undertake a full reckoning of the grave violations committed by all sides during the war” was too little, too late. The High Commissioner has also said nothing on the detention of quarter of a million internally displaced persons by the Sri Lankan authorities and persecution of journalists and human rights defenders in that country even after the end of the war.

The mandate of the Representative of the United Nations Secretary-General on the Human Rights of Internally Displaced Persons, Walter Kaelin, who highlighted the conditions of the IDPs at the end of a three-day return visit to Sri Lanka on 29 September 2009 is different.

Stunningly, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights failed to condemn the coup d’etat in Niger by the military led by Major Adamu Haruna on 19 February 2010. The African Union condemned the coup and the Economic Community of West African States suspended Niger on the

ground that it had "zero tolerance" for any unconstitutional changes of government.

The failure to condemn the coup d'etat in Niger is not an isolated event. When General Sonthi Boonyaratglin ousted Thaksin Shinawatra's government, put most Cabinet Ministers under incommunicado detention and formed “Administrative Reform Council” in a bloodless coup in Thailand on 19 September 2006, the then High Commissioner for Human Rights Louise Arbour failed to condemn the coup. It might not be a mere coincidence that after the Asian Centre for Human Rights issued a press statement on 22 September 2006 castigating the High Commissioner for its failure to condemn the coup that the OHCHR issued a statement on 25 September 2006 stating that “The forcible and unconstitutional replacement of Thailand’s freely-elected Government on 19 September, the establishment of martial law, the abolition of the 1997 Constitution, the dissolution of Parliament and the Cabinet as well as the disbanding of the Constitutional Court, have raised important human rights concerns”. When the Director of the Asian Centre for Human Rights subsequently met the officials of the OHCHR in eneva, he was told that the OHCHR was verifying facts from the regional office in Bangkok and therefore could not express its concerns earlier. This was despite that national and international media had already televised the deployment of the tanks on the deserted streets of Bangkok after the military takeover.

The recent killings of indigenous tribal peoples in the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHTs) of

Bangladesh

that began on 19 February 2010 expose this worrying trend of the OHCHR. The killings have very negative implications for the peace process. The violence was the worst violence since the signing of the Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord of 1997 with the insurgent Parbattya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti, and the violence has the potential to undermine the Peace Accord or worse see a return to violent conflicts. Clearly both the killings and a return to conflict have serious implications for human rights enjoyment. The UN Secretary General Ban Ki Moon found the killings in the CHTs

sufficiently important to express concern. Catherine Ashton, High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, and Vice President of the European Commission was equally concerned, stating on 26th February: “The EU is aware of allegations that the incident involved army personnel and labourers employed by the army” and called upon the Government of Bangladesh “to ensure that the perpetrators of these shameful acts are brought to justice.” The OHCHR said nothing. Why does “commission” of human rights violations in the CHTs by the Bangladeshi security forces in league with the illegal plain settlers merit the attention of the UN Secretary General and the EU High Representative on Foreign Affairs, but not the OHCHR?

The High Commissioner’s statement on the latest massacre of hundreds of villagers in the sectarian violence around Jos in northern Nigeria which appears to be a clear case of “omission” on the part of the Government of Nigeria is welcome but not sufficient to address its damning silence on grave human rights violations across the world.

UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Navi Pillay must develop new approaches to enable the High Commissioner to be in a position to respond to the grave human rights violations in the world. Nobody is suggesting that the OHCHR should respond like an NGO. But it does not speak well of the High Commissioner or the OHCHR when regional inter-governmental organizations and international community condemn certain grave human rights violations or coup d’etat and the High Commissioner/OHCHR maintains its damning silence. The High Commissioner must be seen to be leading the international agenda on human rights issues and add a voice, among others, to that of the UN Secretary General.

The UN General Assembly resolution 60/251 establishing the UN Human Rights Council provides that “the Council shall review its work and functioning five years after its establishment and report to the General Assembly”. Many ideas for the review to be held in 2011 are already floating around. The ideas, amongst others, include the establishment of an Office of the President of the Human Rights Council and further to make the OHCHR just another UN agency. The prospect of the OHCHR turning into a UNDP type agency - with its mandate of engagement with the government at any price - is a troubling thought. Irrespective of the ideas floating around on the review of the Human Rights Council, Navi Pillay must take the leadership before it is too late.

(The author is the Director, Asian Centre for Human Rights. Thearticle is sourced from www.achrweb.org

Human Rights Education in India

2009-09-20T02:14:00.000-07:00

Dr. (Mrs.) Johani Xaxa & Dr. B.K.Mahakul*

HumanRights are the rights, which every human being is entitled to enjoy and to haveprotected. The underlying idea of such rights- fundamental principles whichmust be respected in the treatment of all men, women and children, exists insome form in all cultures and society. The contemporary statement of thoserights is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The Declaration covers twobroad sets of rights- civil and Political rights and Economic, Social andCultural rights. These two sets of rights aim to give all people ‘ freedom fromfear and want’. The protection of the equal and inalienable rights of allmembers of the human society is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace inthe world. It is the responsibility of the Government to protect the humanrights as the highest aspiration of the common people, proclaimed by thedeclaration.

Thecovenant on civil and political rights recognizes the right of every humanperson to life, liberty and security of person, to privacy, to freedom fromcruel, inhuman or degrading treatment and from torture, to freedom fromslavery, to immunity from arbitrary arrest, to a fair trail. The right tofreedom of thought, conscience and religion and to freedom of expression is tobe protected. Under this provision, the individual has to enjoy the right toliberty of movement, includes the right to emigrate, to peaceful assembly andto freedom of association. The second covenant on Economic, Social and CulturalRights recognizes the right to work and to free choice of employment, to fairwages, to form and join unions, to social security, and to adequate standard ofliving conditions for their people. These rights implies that all governmentsare expected to try progressively to improve the living conditions of theircitizens. For example, they should try to guarantee the right to food, clothingand medical care, protection of the family and the right to social security,education and employment. They are to promote these rights withoutdiscrimination of any kind.

Thefoundations of a modern democratic state are strengthened by the existence ofhuman rights and their enjoyment by the individuals. Human Rights infactensures dignity of the ‘human beings’, which are the lifeblood of Democracy.The quality of democracy would therefore depend to a large extent on the degreeto which the rights are available to the individuals.

HumanRights can be regarded as the civic counterpart of the political power, which isvested in those who govern the state. There is the power of the people and thepower of the state arising from human rights. The power of the people isotherwise called “Lok Shakti’, which is developed by the propagation of humanrights among the people, and their enforcement by the people. The ‘Lok Shakti’is more powerful than the ‘Raj Shakti’ in a true democratic country. In factthe whole movement of human rights is a people’s movement.

Therefore the Human Rights areessentially not merely to fulfill the biological needs of mankind, but far thedignity of the individuals as well. Without recognizing the concept of humanrights, no polity can be democratic one. The Indian Constitution like any otherdemocratic country, recognizes the concept of human rights through itspreamble, besides the chapter on fundamental rights and the DirectivePrinciples of state Policy are an expression of the fundamental human rights oftheir individuals in the form of civil liberties and democratic rightsrespectively. These rights are essential for the fullest development of thehuman personality and for human happiness. Undoubtedly, the concept of humanrights has always been regarded as the backbone of every democratic set up. Thedefence of human rights is considered as a condition necessary for the growthof democratic organizations at the grassroots level, which ultimatelystrengthens people’s confidence and faith in the functioning of democraticinstitutions. In a state, the government is the “ official reservoir of‘coercive powers’. Hence these powers of the state are to be restrained inorder to prevent it from becoming arbitrary and tyrannical, by approving thevery concept of human rights. In the last two decades or so, a large number ofnon-governmental organizations (NGOs), which are voluntary organizations of thepeople, have grown allover the country. The functioning of NGOs represents the civic counterpart of politicalpower. These organizations are important as promoters of civil liberties. Theirwork is aided by other important institutions, such as the independentjudiciary and free press. Particularly in the recent years they have played avital role in defence of human rights. The defence of human rights from outsideby other agencies could be successful provided; it should be defended fromwithin the individual. Hence it becomes important that awareness about humanrights by each and every individual is indispensable for them and society aswell. The human rights are of paramount importance for full realization ofhuman dignity and for the attainment of the legitimate aspirations of everyindividual.

After the Second World War, itwas cleared that the United Nations was founded two objectives, the first wasto prevent war in the future and the second was to protect and promote humanrights. The Charter of the United Nations gave due recognisation to theimportance of international co-operation in dealing with economic and socialproblems and to the need of safeguarding basic human rights (Article I (a) ofthe Charter of the United Nations (Article 55 is more emphatic in thisrespect). And thereafter, in order tomake them even more specific, two conventions- one on civil and politicalrights and the other on Economic, Social and Cultural rights were passed by theUnited Nations in 1966. Thus the entire gamut of human rights is contained inthe Universal declaration of Human Rights and the two conventions. To educateand to make aware of those rights, United Nation’s declared a decade from 1995to 2004 as ‘ decade for Human Rights Education’.

Human Rights Education

TheUnited Nation’s decade for Human Rights Education is based upon the provisionsof the international human rights instruments, with particular reference tothose provisions addressing human rights education, including Article 26 of theUniversal declaration of Human Rights, Article 13 of the International Covenanton Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Article 29 of the Convention on theRights of the Child, Article 10 of the Convention on the Elimination of Allforms of Discrimination against women, Article 7 of the Convention on theElimination of All forms of Racial Discrimination, Paragraphs 33 and 34 ofthe Vienna Declaration and Paragraphs 78 to 82 of its programme of Action.

Inaccordance with those provisions, for one decade from 1995 to 2004, humanrights education shall be defined as training, dissemination and informationefforts aimed at the building of a universal culture of human rights throughimparting knowledge and skill and moulding of attitudes and directed to:

(i) The strengthening of respect for human rights andfundamental freedoms.

(ii) The full-development of the human personality and the senseof its dignity.

(iii) The promotion of understanding, tolerance, gender equality andfriendship among all nations, indigenous people and racial, national, ethnic,religious and linguistic.

(iv) To enabling of all persons to participate effectively in afree society.

Objectives

Theobjectives of the decade for human rights education shall include:

(a) The assessment of needs and the formulation of effectivestrategies for the furtherance of human rights education at school levels, invocational training and formal as well as non-formal learning,

(b) The building and strengthening of programmes and capacitiesfor human rights education at the international, regional, national and locallevels,

(d) The strengthening of the role and capacity of the mass-mediain the furtherance of human rights education,

(e) The global dissemination of the Universal Declaration ofHuman Rights in the maximum possible number of languages and in other formsappropriate for various levels of literacy and for the disabled.

Principal Actors

Thefollowing are the principal actors of the human rights education:

(1) Government

(2) National Human Rights Institutions,

(3) National Non-governmental Organisations,

(4) United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights,

(5) United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights- inconsultation with (UNESCO) United

Nations Educational Scientific and CulturalOrganisation,

(6) United Nations Human Rights Treaty monitoring bodies,

(7) United Nations specialised agencies, involved in human rightseducational activities, including the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF),International Labour Organisation (ILO), the office of the United Nation HighCommissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the United Nations Development Programme(UNDP), the United Nations Voluntary (UNV) etc.

(8) Other InternationalOrganisations including Intergovernmental and Non-governmental Organisationsactive in the field of human rights.

Target Groups

The target groups who receive thehuman rights information/education shall public in general include the women,children, the aged, minorities, refugees, indigenous people, persons in extremepoverty, persons with HIV infection of AIDS and other vulnerable groups.Special attention shall be given to the training of the police, prisonofficials, lawyers, judges, international civil servants, development officersand peacekeepers, non-governmental organizations, the media, governmentalofficials, parliamentarians and other groups that are in a particular positionto effect the realisation of human rights.

The School, Universities,Professional and vocational training programmes and institutions should beencouraged and assisted in developing human rights curricula by incorporatinginto formal education at the early childhood, primary, secondary,post-secondary and adult-education level.

The Civil Society includinggovernmental organizations workers and employers organizations, labour unions,the mass-media, religious organizations, community organizations should beencouraged and assisted in developing and delivering such non-formalprogrammes, with the help of Governments and international donars andprogrmmes.

Human Rights Education in India

In a developing society like India,where around twenty-six per cent of the population is living below the povertyline and around thirty-five percent of the population is illiterate and a largenumber of men and women are living a life of degradation and destitution,misery and suffering. Vast sections of Indian people continue to lead anundignified and uncongenial life. Most of the fundamental human rights andfundamental freedoms enshrined in the Indian Constitution have remained onpaper and this compels many to re-think about India’scommitment and seriousness of these issues.

For the dissemination of humanrights information or education, the Government of India has constituted acoordination committee, under the Chairmanship of the Home Secretary comprisingof Secretaries of other ministers and department. When the National Human Rights Commission(NHRC) was set up in September/October 1993, the Coordination Committeerequested it to draft a national plan of action fort human rights education.Ths task was over in 2001, when the National Action Plan for Human RightsEducation was finalized. The plan focused on strategies for human rightsawareness- raising and sensitizing specific target groups such as, students,officers in the administration of justice etc.

Civil Society as well as theNational Human Rights Commission is involved in the implementation of humanrights education programmes. It was also reported that the secondary and highereducation sector have undertaken certain activities relates to human rightseducation which includes the preparation of curriculum, revision of tax booksand the development of a number of training modules for teachers in English,Hindi and local languages by the National Council of Teacher Education. TheUniversity Grants Commission also made provision of financial assistance toUniversities and Colleges for the development of specific courses in humanrights. The Indira Gandhi Open University also included human rights as asubject in its curriculum. The government and non-government agencies organizehuman rights workshops; human rights seminars for the academicians andofficials to disseminate human rights information.

The above steps have been takenby the Indian Government towards formal education on human rights. But in a country like India,where less than half of the population is illiterate, especially the vulnerablepopulation is far away from such formal education. Hence, human rights education must not belimited to formal schooling. Many peoplelive far away from any administrative centers and many more never attend school. These people includes refugees, minorities,migrant workers, indigenous people, the disabled and the poor, are among themost powerless and vulnerable to abuse. Such people have every right to know their rights. Only by working in collaboration with thesevulnerable groups can human rights educators (Government and Non-GovernmentAgencies) develop programmes that accommodate their needs and situations. The techniques of popular education music,street theatre, documentary films, comic books, alternative media, anditinerant story tellers can help to connect human rights to people’s livedexperienced.

Human rights education does notmean only to learning about human rights that is information about its history,documents and implementation. It also means education for human rightsunderstanding and embracing the principles of human equality and dignity andthe commitment to respect and protect the rights of all people. The ultimatemeasure of human rights education is how people live their daily lives. Touphold their rights, the concerned citizens must start with human rightseducation in small places, close to home. On 60th anniversary of Universaldeclaration of Human Rights, stressing the need to disseminate knowledge, andawareness about human rights among the stakeholders, President of India, Smt.Prativa Patil, said that those people, who know their rights, stand the bestchance of realizing them. She also asked the media and the NGOs to play anactive role in this sphere. If human right institutions, civil society,government, media groups, Parliamentarians, the judiciary and opinion makerswork in union and with dedication, the task of ensuring enjoyment of humanrights by all will translate into reality.

References

D. B. Rao, ‘United Nations Decadefor Human Rights Education’ Discovery Publishing House, New Delhi, 2004.

C. K. , Pathak, ‘ Human RightsEducation’, Rajput Publications, New Delhi,2004.

M. A. W. Chisti, ‘ Human RightsEducation’ South Asia Politics, Vol. 3, Issue-, New Delhi, 8, December 2004 pp. 39-42.

Nancy Flowers, ’Human Rightseducation: What? For whom? And Why? Legal News, & Views A Social ActionTrust Publications, Vol.13, No.6, June, 1999.

R. M. Pal, ‘State of Human Rights Education in India’,Mainstream, Vol. XXXVII, No. 39, New Delhi,September, 18, 1999.

B. N. Arora, ‘Human Rights:Continued Denial of Right to Life’, Mainstream; Vol. XLIII, No.51, New Delhi, December 2005.

Sonu Trivedi,’ Human Rights underDemocracy’ Mainstream, Vol. XLI, No.52, New Delhi,December, 2003.

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* Reader, Department of Political Science &Public Administration, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Viahr: 768019 (Orissa)

**Lecturer,Department of Political Science & Public Administration, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Viahr: 768019 (Orissa)